Perencanaan Menu Untuk Penderita Diabetis Melitus
Ir. Diah K. Pranadji, Ir. Dwi Hastuti Martianto, dr. Vera Uripi Subandriyo

Types of Diabetes
  Diabetes mellitus type 1
  Diabetes mellitus type 2
  Gestational diabetes

Pre-diabetes
  Impaired fasting glycaemia
  Impaired glucose tolerance
Disease Management
  Diabetes management:
  Diabetic diet
  Anti-diabetic drugs
  Conventional insulinotherapy
  Intensive insulinotherapy
Other Concerns
  Cardiovascular disease
  Diabetic comas:
  Diabetic hypoglycemia
  Diabetic ketoacidosis
  Nonketotic hyperosmolar
  Diabetic myonecrosis
  Diabetic nephropathy
  Diabetic neuropathy
  Diabetic retinopathy
  Diabetes and pregnancy
Blood tests
  Blood sugar
  Fructosamine
  Glucose tolerance test
  Glycosylated hemoglobin

Diabetes mellitus (IPA pronunciation: [daɪəˈbitiz], sometimes [ˌdaɪəˈbitəs]) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and other signs, as distinct from a single illness or condition. The World Health Organization recognizes three main forms of diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (occurring during pregnancy),^[1] which have similar signs, symptoms, and consequences, but different causes and population distributions. Ultimately, all forms are due to the beta cells of the pancreas being unable to produce sufficient insulin to prevent hyperglycemia.^[2] Type 1 is usually due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells which produce insulin. Type 2 is characterized by tissue-wide insulin resistance and varies widely; it sometimes progresses to loss of beta cell function. Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes, in that it involves insulin resistance; the hormones of pregnancy cause insulin resistance in those women genetically predisposed to developing this condition
 

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, Type I diabetes, T1D, IDDM) is a form of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in the permanent destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. Type 1 is lethal unless treatment with exogenous insulin via injections replaces the missing hormone.

Type 1 diabetes (formerly known as "childhood," "juvenile," or "insulin-dependent" diabetes) is not primarily a childhood problem. The adult incidence of Type 1 is similar to that for children[1], which is why "Type 1" is the preferred term. Many adults who contract Type 1 diabetes are misdiagnosed with Type 2, due to the misconception of Type 1 as a disease of children.

• Pathophysiology
• 2 Treatment
• 3 Prevalence
• 4 Research foundations
• 5 Curing Type 1 Diabetes
  • 5.1 Pancreas transplantation
  • 5.2 Islet cell transplantation
  • 5.3 Islet cell regeneration
  • 5.4 Artificial Pancreas
  • 5.5 Genetic engineering
  • 5.6 Immune modification
  • 5.7 Stem cells
  • 5.8 Relationship with nervous and immune systems
• 6 Obsolete treatments
  • 6.1 Aspirin

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly called diabetes mellitus type II, non insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), obesity related diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency, and hyperglycemia. It is often managed by engaging in exercise and modifying one's diet. It is rapidly increasing in the developed world, and there is some evidence that this pattern will be followed in much of the rest of the world in coming years. The CDC has characterized the increase as an epidemic.
 

• 1 Pathophysiology
• 2 Diagnosis
• 3 Screening and prevention
  • 3.1 Accuracy of tests for early detection
  • 3.2 Benefit of early detection
• 4 Treatment
  • 4.1 Dietary management
  • 4.2 Self monitoring of blood glucose
  • 4.3 Antidiabetic drugs
    • 4.3.1 Selecting an antidiabetic drug
      • 4.3.1.1 Oral drugs
      • 4.3.1.2 Insulin preparations
        • 4.3.1.2.1 Long acting insulins
  • 4.4 Alternative Medicines
  • 4.5 Antihypertensive agents
  • 4.6 ACE inhibitors
  • 4.7 Hypolipidemic agents

Unlike Type 1 diabetes, there is little tendency toward ketoacidosis in Type 2 diabetes, though it is not unknown. One effect that can occur is nonketonic hyperglycemia. Complex and multifactorial metabolic changes lead to damage and function impairment of many organs, most importantly the cardiovascular system in both types. This leads to substantially increased morbidity and mortality in both Type 1 and Type 2 patients, but the two have quite different origins and treatments despite the similarity in complications

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. It denotes inability of the kidney to concentrate urine. DI is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, or by an insensitivity of the kidneys to that hormone.
Signs and symptoms
 Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Desmopressin will be ineffective in nephrogenic DI. Instead, the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCT or HCTZ) or indomethacin can improve NDI; HCT is sometimes combined with amiloride to prevent hypokalemia. Again, adequate hydration is important for patients with DI, as they may become dehydrated easily.
AYURVEDA TREATMENT FOR DIABETIS

Causes and types
Glucose metabolism
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes
Other types
Genetics
Diagnosis
Signs and symptoms
Diagnostic approach
Diagnostic criteria
Complications
Acute complications
 Chronic complications
Treatment and management
Curing diabetes
Prevention
Aging
Children with Diabetes